{"id":11199,"date":"2025-12-23T10:12:57","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T09:12:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/complete-guide-to-using-pyrometric-cones\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T12:34:05","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T11:34:05","slug":"complete-guide-to-using-pyrometric-cones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/en\/complete-guide-to-using-pyrometric-cones\/","title":{"rendered":"Complete guide to using pyrometric cones"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"670\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton-768x515.jpg 768w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton-585x392.jpg 585w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-orton-263x175.jpg 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are pyrometric cones<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pyrometric <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hobbyland.eu\/eng\/shop\/orton-self-supporting-cones\/p-F007978\/\">cones<\/a> have been used to monitor ceramic firings for over 100 years. They are useful for determining when a firing is complete, if the kiln has provided sufficient heat, if there has been a temperature difference in the kiln, or if there was a problem during the firing.<\/p>\n\n<p>They are small indicators made of ceramic material that measure the entire <strong>heat-work<\/strong> and not just the temperature. This means they do not simply evaluate how many degrees your kiln reaches, but <strong>how temperature and firing time work together<\/strong> on the ceramic.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:35% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10507 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2.jpg 414w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The cones detect the combined effect of <strong>temperature + firing duration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">They bend when <em>the right maturation level<\/em> is reached, when the tip of the cone bends completely.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">They are more reliable than just a thermometer because the thermocouple <strong>does not measure the actual heat-work<\/strong> of the entire kiln area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hobbyland.eu\/eng\/shop\/orton-self-supporting-cones\/p-F007978\/\"><strong>self-supporting<\/strong> <\/a> cones you find at Hobbyland are even easier to use: they have a built-in base that keeps them tilted at the ideal angle without the need for external supports.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why use them in ceramic firing<\/h2>\n\n<p>Orton cones are extremely useful for:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>check that your kiln really reaches the expected maturation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>understand if there are hotter or cooler areas,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>calibrate new kilns or those that have lost accuracy,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>achieve more stable and repeatable glazes and clays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Especially recommended for those working with:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>low-temperature glazes (900\u20131050 \u00b0C),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stoneware and porcelain (1200\u20131280 \u00b0C),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>artistic ceramics and productions sensitive to heat variations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selection and positioning of pyrometric cones<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"10529\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1-585x878.jpg 585w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"10524\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2-585x878.jpg 585w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/coni-pirometrici-2.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<p>The choice of the cone number to use mainly depends on the final firing temperature, the heating rate in the last 100\u00b0C, and any holding times. <br><br>This simplified table, which lists temperature ranges and firing types, will help you in choosing the cones to use:<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Cone Number<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Temperature Range (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Firing Type<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>019<\/td><td>656 ~ 695\u00b0C<\/td><td>LOW TEMPERATURE DECORATIONS \/ THIRD FIRING<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>018<\/td><td>686 ~ 734\u00b0C<\/td><td>LOW TEMPERATURE DECORATIONS \/ THIRD FIRING<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>017<\/td><td>705 ~ 763\u00b0C<\/td><td>LOW TEMPERATURE DECORATIONS \/ THIRD FIRING<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>09<\/td><td>907 ~ 930\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES \/ CRYSTALLINES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>08<\/td><td>922 ~ 956\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES \/ CRYSTALLINES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>07<\/td><td>962 ~ 987\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES \/ CRYSTALLINES \/ RED EARTH BISCUIT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>06<\/td><td>981 ~ 1013\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES \/ CRYSTALLINE \/ RED AND WHITE STONEWARE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>05 1\/2<\/td><td>1004 ~ 1025\u00b0C<\/td><td>WHITE STONEWARE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>05<\/td><td>1021 ~ 1044\u00b0C<\/td><td>WHITE STONEWARE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>04<\/td><td>1046 ~ 1077\u00b0C<\/td><td>WHITE STONEWARE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>03<\/td><td>1071 ~ 1104\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>02<\/td><td>1078 ~ 1122\u00b0C<\/td><td>GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>1115 ~ 1170\u00b0C<\/td><td>HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>1141 ~ 1183\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>1159 ~ 1207\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5 1\/2<\/td><td>1167 ~ 1225\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>1185 ~ 1243\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>1201 ~ 1257\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td>1211 ~ 1271\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ PORCELAIN \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td>1224 ~ 1280\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ PORCELAIN \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>1251 ~ 1305\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ PORCELAIN \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>11<\/td><td>1272 ~ 1315\u00b0C<\/td><td>STONEWARE \/ PORCELAIN \/ HIGH TEMPERATURE GLAZES<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n<p>To achieve an accurate reading, you need to position the cones strategically and on stable shelves, avoiding areas directly exposed to the heating elements.<br><br>We recommend using at least <strong>three cones to test the kiln<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>one &#8220;under&#8221; cone (e.g. no.04, lower temperature than your target)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>target<\/strong> cone (e.g. no.03)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a &#8220;higher&#8221; cone (e.g. no.02, higher temperature than your target)<br\/><br\/>This way you can understand:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the first when it starts to bend (the kiln is heating up)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the second when it is perfect (it has reached the firing you wanted)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the third if it has <em>overheated<\/em> too much (if it bends too early or too much)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Orton recommends repeating this trio in different areas of the kiln (top-center-bottom or left-center-right) to \u201cmap\u201d the thermal distribution.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10495\" style=\"width:485px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-585x585.jpg 585w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-24x24.jpg 24w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-48x48.jpg 48w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/orton-2-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What happens during firing<\/h2>\n\n<p>The cone responds mainly in the final phase of firing, approximately in the last 100\u00b0C.<br><br>If the firing is too short \u2192 the cone remains too vertical<br>If correct \u2192 the cone &#8220;caresses&#8221; the base with the tip<br>If excessive \u2192 the cone completely falls or melts<br><br>To calculate the temperature, you need to know the heating rate of the kiln and the curvature angle of the cone. The curvature angle can be determined using the <strong>Orton measuring jig<\/strong>. Then, based on the heating rate and the curvature angle, you can calculate the equivalent temperature on the <a href=\"https:\/\/c0dc6bc9-fdd4-4b7b-883d-06ca9f81bb37.filesusr.com\/ugd\/7c9d79_11dd303c800c46b08d3a05178a02d99c.pdf\"><strong>Orton cone chart<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/c0dc6bc9-fdd4-4b7b-883d-06ca9f81bb37.filesusr.com\/ugd\/7c9d79_11dd303c800c46b08d3a05178a02d99c.pdf\">ORTON CONE CHART<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br\/>How to read the cone results<\/h2>\n\n<p>There are two methods to &#8220;measure&#8221; a cone. The first method requires the use of the <strong>Orton measuring template<\/strong>. The Orton measuring template is a board used to measure the bending angle of the cones. The board will indicate bending angles ranging from 10 to 90 degrees. The fired cone is placed next to the board, and the position of the tip of the cone indicates a bending angle. A cone bent at 90 degrees is considered properly fired.<br><br>The second method used to measure the cones is the &#8220;clock method.&#8221; This method requires the operator to translate the position of the tip of the cone onto the face of a clock. The 1 o&#8217;clock position is for cones that have not bent at all, while the 6 o&#8217;clock position is for a cone whose tip touches the shelf. A cone in the 5 o&#8217;clock or 6 o&#8217;clock position is considered properly fired.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Orton measuring template<\/h2>\n\n<p>You can download and print this template to use when reading the results of your pyrometric cones.<br>Before proceeding to print, resize the drawing to 2&#8243;=5.08 cm to have the template at the correct size.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001-751x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10548\" style=\"width:341px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001-751x1024.jpg 751w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001-768x1047.jpg 768w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001-585x798.jpg 585w, https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-2fe4ad23-d681-46fd-8be1-73df990bc982\" href=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TEMPLATE_Orton Cones<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/crea.hobbyland.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/TEMPLATE_page-0001.jpg\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download=\"\" aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-2fe4ad23-d681-46fd-8be1-73df990bc982\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br\/>FAQ<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>HOW TO USE CONES?<\/em><br\/>Self-supporting cones are used to measure the uniformity of temperature and\/or whether sufficient thermal processing has been carried out to mature the artifact. The cones indicate if the artifact has received an adequate amount of thermal processing for the proper maturation of the clay or glaze. A properly fired cone will bend with the tip almost touching the shelf. After firing in the kiln, a simple glance at the cone can indicate whether the firing was successful.<br\/><br\/>The only actual measurement of thermal processing is obtained from a self-supporting cone placed on the shelf next to the artifact.<br\/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>WHAT DO THE TERMS HEATING RATE AND HOLDING MEAN?<\/em><br\/>Heating rate refers to the increase in temperature of the kiln for each hour of firing. If a kiln takes three hours to reach a temperature of 460\u00b0C, its heating rate will be 150\u00b0C per hour. It is important to know the heating rate as it determines the temperature at which a cone will deform.<br\/><br\/>The term &#8220;holding&#8221; means that the kiln is maintained at a specific temperature for a period of time. This practice is carried out to help equalize the temperature throughout the kiln or to produce the desired effect in the firing.<br\/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>I&#8217;VE NEVER USED CONES BEFORE, WHICH CONE SHOULD I USE?<\/em><br\/>Most clay or glaze manufacturers indicate the cone value for firing on the product label. They have already determined, through testing, which cone will deform and bend when the glaze or clay reaches maturation. An example could be a stoneware glaze with a maturation cone of 6.<br\/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>I HAVE VERY OLD CONES, CAN I STILL USE THEM?<\/em><br\/>Yes, cones do not have an expiration date. If they are in good condition, have been stored in a dry place, and do not break easily, they can still be used. Orton engineers regularly test fire cones made over 50 years ago, without finding any variation in firing results.<br\/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>IF THEY HAVEN&#8217;T BENT CAN I REUSE THEM?<\/em><br\/>No, they cannot be reused. They have already &#8220;reacted&#8221; to the firing, even if they haven&#8217;t bent, and therefore cannot be used for a new cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- WPID:10479 --><\/p>\n<p><!-- WPID:10479 --><\/p>\n\n<!-- WPID:11199 -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A clear and practical guide to understanding how to correctly use Orton self-supporting pyrometric cones and accurately monitor the firing of ceramics. Ideal for hobbyists and professionals who want to improve their kiln results in a simple and informed way.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[243],"tags":[149,562,563,588,350,587],"class_list":{"0":"post-11199","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-purchasing-guides","8":"tag-ceramica","9":"tag-conipirometrici","10":"tag-orton","12":"tag-pottery","13":"tag-pyrometriccones"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>Complete guide to using pyrometric cones - crea.hobbyland.eu<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A clear and practical guide to understanding how to correctly use Orton self-supporting pyrometric cones and accurately monitor the firing of ceramics. 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