Complete Guide to Using Pyrometric Cones

What are pyrometric cones

Pyrometric cones have been used to monitor ceramic firings for over 100 years. They are useful for determining when a firing is complete, whether the kiln has provided sufficient heat, if there has been a temperature difference in the kiln, or if there has been a problem during firing.

They are small indicators made of ceramic material that measure all the heat-work and not just the temperature. This means they do not simply evaluate how many degrees your kiln reaches, but how temperature and firing time work together on the ceramic.

The self-supporting cones you find at Hobbyland are even easier to use: they have a built-in base that keeps them tilted at the ideal angle without the need for external supports.

Why use them in ceramic firing

Orton cones are very useful for:

• checking that your kiln really reaches the expected maturation,
• understanding if there are hotter or cooler areas,
• calibrating new kilns or those that have lost accuracy,
• achieving more stable and repeatable glazes and clays.

Particularly recommended for those working with:

• low-temperature glazes (900–1050 °C),
• stoneware and porcelain (1200–1280 °C),
• artistic ceramics and productions sensitive to heat variations.

Choosing and positioning pyrometric cones

The choice of the cone number to use mainly depends on the final firing temperature, the heating rate in the last 100°C, and any holding times.

This simplified table, which lists temperature ranges and firing types, will help you choose the cones to use:

To obtain an accurate reading, cones must be positioned strategically and on stable shelves, avoiding areas directly exposed to the heating elements.

We recommend using at least three cones to test the kiln:

• one "below" (e.g. no.04, lower temperature than your target)
• the target cone (e.g. no.03)
• one "above" (e.g. no.02, higher temperature than your target)

This way you can understand:

• the first when it starts to bend (the kiln is heating up)
• the second when it is perfect (it has reached the firing you wanted)
• the third if it has overheated too much (if it bends too early or too much)

Orton recommends repeating this trio in different areas of the kiln (top-centre-bottom or left-centre-right) to “map” the thermal distribution.

What happens during firing

The cone responds mainly in the final phase of firing, approximately in the last 100°C.

If the firing is too short → the cone remains too vertical

If correct → the cone "caresses" the shelf with the tip

If excessive → the cone falls completely or melts

To calculate the temperature, it is necessary to know the kiln's heating rate and the cone's curvature angle. The curvature angle can be determined using the Orton measuring gauge. Then, based on the heating rate and the curvature angle, it is possible to calculate the equivalent temperature on the Orton cone chart.

How to read the result of the cones

There are two methods to "measure" a cone. The first method requires the use of the Orton measuring gauge. The Orton measuring gauge is a board used to measure the bending angle of the cones. The board will indicate bending angles between 10 and 90 degrees. The fired cone is placed next to the board, and the position of the cone's tip indicates a bending angle. A cone bent at 90 degrees is considered properly fired.

The second method used to measure the cones is the "clock method." This method requires the operator to translate the position of the cone's tip onto the face of a clock. The position at 1 o'clock is for cones that have not bent at all, the position at 6 o'clock is for a cone whose tip touches the shelf. A cone in the position at 5 o'clock or 6 o'clock is considered properly fired.

Orton measuring gauge

You can download and print this gauge to use when reading the results of your pyrometric cones. Before proceeding to print, resize the drawing to 2"=5.08 cm to have the gauge at the correct size.

FAQ

• HOW ARE CONES USED?

Self-supporting cones are used to measure the uniformity of temperature and/or if sufficient heat-work has been done to mature the item. The cones indicate whether the item has received an adequate amount of heat-work for the proper maturation of the clay or glaze. A properly fired cone will bend with the tip almost touching the shelf. After firing in the kiln, a simple glance at the cone can indicate whether the firing was successful.

The only actual measurement of heat-work is obtained from a self-supporting cone placed on the shelf next to the item.

• WHAT DO THE TERMS HEATING RATE AND HOLDING MEAN?

The heating rate refers to the increase in temperature of the kiln for each hour of firing. If a kiln takes three hours to reach a temperature of 460°C, its heating rate will be 150°C per hour. It is important to know the heating rate as it determines the temperature at which a cone will deform.

The term "holding" means that the kiln is held at a specific temperature for a period of time. This practice is carried out to help equalise the temperature throughout the kiln or to produce the desired effect in the firing.

• I'VE NEVER USED CONES BEFORE, WHICH CONE SHOULD I USE?

Most clay or glaze manufacturers report the cone value for firing on the product label. They have already determined, through testing, which cone will deform and bend when the glaze or clay reaches maturation. An example might be a stoneware glaze with a maturation cone of 6.

• I HAVE VERY OLD CONES, CAN I STILL USE THEM?

Yes, cones do not have an expiration date. If they are in good condition, have been stored in a dry place, and do not break easily, they can still be used. Orton engineers regularly test cones made over 50 years ago, finding no variation in firing results.

• IF THEY HAVEN'T BENT CAN I REUSE THEM?

No, they cannot be reused. They have already "reacted" to firing, even if they have not bent, and therefore cannot be used for a new cycle.